,canada ,cu/oms                       #a
& ,rev5ue ,ag5cy

          ,9t]pret,n ,bullet9
    
,subject3 ,9come ,tax ,act
  ,prepd ,exp5ses & ,def]r$ ,*>ges
,numb]3 ,,it-#dag;,r#b
,date3 ,febru>y #aj1 #aiig
,ref];e3 ,sec;n #i & subsec;n #ah7#i7
  7al subsec;ns #ah7#i.b7 to 7#i.h77

  ,9t]pret,n bullet9s 7,,it's7 provide
,rev5ue ,canada's te*nical 9t]pret,ns (
9come tax law4 ,due 6_! te*nical nature1
,,it's >e us$ prim>ily 0de"p;tal /aff1
tax speciali/s1 & o!r 9dividuals :o h an
9t]e/ 9 tax matt]s4 ,= ^? r1d]s :o pref]
a less te*nical explan,n (! law1 !
,de"p;t (f]s o!r public,ns1 s* z tax
guides & pamphlets4
  ,:ile ! ,,it's d n h ! =ce ( law1 !y c
g5],y 2 reli$ ^u z reflect+ ! ,de"p;t's
9t]pret,n (! law 6be appli$ on a 3si/5t
basis 0de"p;tal /aff4 ,9 cases ":     #a
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          a#a
an ,,it has n yet be5 revis$ 6reflect
legislative *anges1 r1d]s %d ref] 6!
am5d$ legisl,n & xs e6ective date4
,simil>ly1 c\rt deci.ns subsequ5t 6!
date (! ,,it %d 2 3sid]$ :5 det]m9+ !
relevancy (! -;ts 9 ! ,,it4
  ,an 9t]pret,n describ$ 9 an ,,it
applies z (! date ! ,,it is publi%$1
un.s o!rwise specifi$4 ,:5 "! is a *ange
9 a previ\s 9t]pret,n &! *ange is
b5eficial 6taxpay]s1 x is usu,y e6ective
= all future assess;ts & reassess;ts4
,if ! *ange is n fav\ra# 6taxpay]s1 x w
norm,y 2 e6ective =! curr5t & subsequ5t
tax,n ye>s or = transac;ns 5t]$ 96af !
date (! ,,it4
  ,a *ange 9 a de"p;tal 9t]pret,n may al
2 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,9come ,tax ,te*nical
,news4
  ,if y h any -;ts reg>d+ matt]s 4cuss$
9 ? ,,it1 pl1se s5d !m to3


                                      #b
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          b#a
  ,director1 ,busi;s & ,public,ns
    ,divi.n
  ,9come ,tax ,rul+s ,directorate
  ,policy & ,legisl,n ,bran*
  ,rev5ue ,canada
  ,ottawa ,,on ,k#a;,a #j;,l#e
  
  ,9t]pret,n bullet9s c 2 f.d on !
,rev5ue ,canada ,9t]net site at3
_+www.rc.gc.ca_:













                                      #c
                 ,3t5ts              c#a
    
,applic,n
,summ>y
,4cus.n & ,9t]pret,n
  ,9troduc;n 7p>agraph #a7
  ,prepd ,exp5ses 7p>agraph #b7
  ,def]r$ ,*>ges 7p>agraph #c7
  ,pre-,produc;n or ,/>t-up ,co/s (a
    ,new ,busi;s 7p>agraphs #d-f7
  ,pre-,produc;n or ,/>t-up ,co/s (a
    ,new ,busi;s 7p>agraph #g7
  ,prepd ,9t]e/ 7p>agraph #h7
  ,g5]al 7p>agraphs #i-ab7
,explan,n ( ,*anges

               ,applic,n
    
  ,? bullet9 replaces & c.els ,9t]pret,n
,bullet9 ,,it-#dag;,r dat$ ,july #e1
#aihb4



                                      #d
                ,summ>y              d#a
    
  ,prepd exp5ses & def]r$ *>ges bo?
repres5t co/s 9curr$ or laid \ f :
b5efit is expect$ 6be deriv$ af ! curr5t
fiscal p]iod4 ,z s*1 un.s ! ,9come ,tax
,act provides o!rwise1 ! a3.t+ = ^!
exp5ses = 9come tax purposes %d 2 9
a3ord.e ) g5],y a3ept$ a3.t+ pr9ciples :
wd1 9 mo/ cases1 require t ! exp5ses 2
mat*$ 6! ye> 9 : ! b5efit is 6be deriv$
7! 8mat*+ pr9ciple074 ,subsec;n #ah7#i7
5sures t ! mat*+ pr9ciple gov]ns
0requir+ taxpay]s 6def] & amortize prepd
exp5ses ov] ! p]iod 6: !y r1sonably
relate :5 -put+ pr(it "u sec;n #i4

          ,4cus.n & ,9t]pret,n
    
        ,9troduc;n 7p>agraph #a7
    
#a4 ,? bullet9 applies 6taxpay]s :o
  calculate _! 9come on ! a3rual basis4
  ,! -;ts 9 ? bullet9 d n apply 6! co/
  or value ( any prop]ty t is         #e
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          e#a
  requir$ 6be 9clud$ 9 a taxpay]'s
  9v5tory1 6! am.t ( any exp5diture made
  6acquire l& or any prop]ty t is
  describ$ 9 ,s*$ule ,,ii 6! ,9come ,tax
--------------------------------------#b
  ,regul,ns or 6any exp5diture t a4s 6!
  value ( prop]ty 9 an 9v5tory z1 =
  example1 ! a4i;n ( 9t]e/ & prop]ty
  taxes 6! co/ ( l& held 0a l& develop]4
  ,=! ,de"p;t's views on ^? matt]s
  ref];e %d 2 made 6! curr5t v].ns (
  ,,it-#ea1 ,supplies on ,h& at ! ,5d (a
  ,fiscal ,p]iod2 ,,it-#aec1 ,l&
  ,develop]s--,subdivi.n & ,develop;t
  ,co/s & ,c>ry+ ,*>ges on ,l& &
  ,,it-#bfa1 ,prepay;ts ( ,r5ts4

     ,prepd ,exp5ses 7p>agraph #b7
    
#b4 ,a prepd exp5se o3urs ": an \tlay or
  exp5se has be5 made or 9curr$ 0a
  taxpay] 9 a "picul> tax,n ye> & x
  repres5ts1 = example1 all or "p (! co/
  ( s]vices : w 2 provid$ 6!          #f
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          a#b
  taxpay] af ! fiscal ye> 5d4 ,=
  example1 a premium pd 9 adv.e 6obta9 a
  fire 9sur.e policy1 : provides
  protec;n =a p]iod ext5d+ 2y ! ye> 9 :
  ! exp5diture 0 made1 is "o type (
  prepd exp5se4

      ,def]r$ ,*>ges 7p>agraph #c7
    
#c4 ,def]r$ *>ges repres5t co/s (
  s]vices alr rcvd t may r1sonably 2
  expect$ 6produce b5efits 9 t]ms (
  9cr1s$ rev5ues or reduc$ co/s 9 future
  p]iods4 ,an example (a def]r$ *>ge is
  organiz,n exp5ses1 t is1 ! co/s 9curr$
  9 sett+ up 9 busi;s4 ,! profes.nal &
  adm9i/rative fees 9curr$ 9 3nec;n )
  9corporat+ a busi;s >e examples ( s*
  co/s4




                                      #g
      ,g5]al ,legislative ,frame"w   b#b
            7p>agraphs #d-f7
    
#d4 ,z a g5]al rule1 taxpay]s >e requir$
  0sec;n #i 6use ! a3rual me?od ( a3.t+
  6calculate ! 9come f a busi;s or
  prop]ty4 ,9 calculat+ 9come = tax
  purposes1 a3.t+ = prepd exp5ses &
  def]r$ *>ges %d1 9 mo/ cases1 2 9
  a3ord.e )! mat*+ pr9ciple1 a g5],y
  a3ept$ a3.t+ pr9ciple1 except ": !
  ,9come ,tax ,act provides o!rwise 7=
  example1 see p>agraph #bj7#a77e7 &
  sec;n #cg74 ,= prepd exp5ses ? wd
  9volve deduct+ ! applica# exp5ditures
  9 ! ye>s 9 : ! relevant s]vice is
  provid$ 6! taxpay]4 ,= def]r$ *>ges x
  may require t "p or all (! exp5se 2
  def]r$ 6future ye>s & amortiz$ on a
  r1sona# & sy/ematic basis4

  8,runn+ exp5ses0 >e an excep;n 6! abv
  g5]al rule & may 2 deduct$ 9 ! ye> !y
  >e 9curr$ un.s ! rules 9 subsec;n
  #ah7#i7 apply4 ,! det]m9,n ( :e!r   #h
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          c#b
  a "picul> exp5se c 2 classifi$ z a
  8runn+ exp5se0 is a "q ( fact4 ,!
  c\rts h describ$ 8runn+ exp5ses0 z
  exp5ses t >e n ref]ra# or relat$ 6any
  "picul> item ( rev5ue & wd 9clude any
  exp5ses t >e necess>ily 9curr$ on a
  3t9u+ & recurr+ basis =! g5]al purpose
  ( produc+ 9come4
#e4 ,subsec;n #ah7#i7 requires a taxpay]
  6mat* c]ta9 \tlays or exp5ses 6! tax,n
  ye> 6: !y c r1sonably 2 3sid]$
  6relate4 ,:ile ? subsec;n does n cov]
  def]r$ *>ges or all types ( exp5ses t
  c 2 prepd1 x is 3sid]$ t ! ,9come ,tax
  ,act requires t all mat]ial co/s t
  cle>ly relate 6future p]iods 2 exp5s$
  9 ^? p]iods if failure 6def] ! exp5se
  wd 4tort ! net pr(it n only =! ye>
  dur+ : ! exp5se 0 9curr$ b al =!
  subsequ5t ye> or ye>s 6: ! b5efit
  relates4 ,! det]m9,n ( mat]ial;y is a
  matt] ( judge;t = : no de m9imus rules
  h be5 e/abli%$4 ,! pres5t practice (
                                      #i
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          d#b
  4reg>d+ adju/;ts = 9significant am.ts
  w 2 3t9u$4
#f4 ,subsec;n #ah7#i7 provides t1
  not)/&+ any o!r provi.n (! ,9come ,tax
  ,act1 9 calculat+ a taxpay]'s 9come =a
  tax,n ye> f a busi;s or prop]ty a
  deduc;n is d5i$ = c]ta9 \tlays or
  exp5ses4

  ,p>agraph #ah7#i77a7 4all[s a deduc;n
  6! ext5t t ! \tlays & exp5ses c
  r1sonably 2 reg>d$ z hav+ be5 made or
  9curr$
  7a7 z 3sid],n = s]vices 6be r5d]$ af !
    5d (! ye>1
  7b7 = 9t]e/1 taxes 7o!r ?an taxes on
    9sur.e premiums71 r5t or royalties
    =a p]iod af ! 5d (! ye>1 or
  7c7 z 3sid],n = 9sur.e =a p]iod af !
    5d (! ye>1 except =
    7;i7 3sid],n = re9sur.e1 ": !
      taxpay] is an 9sur]1 or
    7;ii7 3sid],n pd af ,febru>y1 #aiid1
      =! life 9sur.e ( an            #aj
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          e#b
      9dividual "u a gr\p t]m life
      9sur.e policy ": all or "p (!
      3sid],n is = 9sur.e t is 7or wd 2
      if ! 9dividual surviv$7 =a p]iod t
      5ds m ?an #ac mon?s af ! 3sid],n
      is pd4
  ,except = an \tlay or exp5se = 9t]e/
  made or 9curr$ 0a corpor,n1 "pn]%ip or
  tru/ 7see p>agraph #h 2l71 a deduc;n =
  an \tlay or exp5se t 2c ( p>agraph
  #ah7#i77a7 _c 2 tak5 9 "o ye> may 2
  deduct$1 pursuant 6p>agraph
  #ah7#i77b71 9 calculat+ a taxpay]'s
  9come =! subsequ5t ye> 6: ! \tlay or
  deduc;n c r1sonably 2 3sid]$ 6relate4

  ,p>agraph #ah7#i77d7 provides t !
  limit,n = deduct+ prepd exp5ses 3ta9$
  9 p>agraph #ah7#i77a7 does n apply 6a
  pay;t = sci5tific rese>* & exp]i;tal
  develop;t ref]r$ 6in subp>agraphs
  #cg7#a77a77;ii7 or 7;iii7 provid$

                                     #aa
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          f#b
  7d7 ! pay;t is made 0a taxpay] 6a
    p]son or "pn]%ip ) : ! taxpay] d1ls
    at >m's l5g?1 &
  7e7 ! pay;t is n an exp5diture
    describ$ 9 subp>agraph
    #cg7#a77a77;i74
--------------------------------------#c
  7,= pay;ts made 2f #aiif1 p>agraph
  #ah7#i77d7 provid$ t p>agraph
  #ah7#i77a7 did n apply 6a pay;t ref]r$
  6in clause #cg7#a77a77;ii77,e747 ,see
  ! curr5t v].n ( ,,it-#aea1 ,sci5tific
  ,rese>* & ,exp]i;tal ,develop;t
  ,exp5ditures = fur!r -;t>y on sec;n
  #cg4

  ,p>agraph #ah7#i77e7 provides t =!
  purposes ( sec;n #cg &! def9i;n (
  8qualifi$ exp5diture0 = 9ve/;t tax
  cr$it purposes1 an exp5diture t is n
  deducti# 9 a tax,n ye> 2c (! applic,n
  ( p>agraph #ah7#i77a71 is deem$
  7f7 n 6be made or 9curr$ 0a taxpay] 9
    ! ye>1 &                         #ab
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          a#c
  7g7 6be made or 9curr$ 0! taxpay] 9 !
    subsequ5t tax,n ye> 6: ! exp5diture
    c r1sonably 2 3sid]$ 6relate4
  ,subsec;n #ah7#i7 does n apply 9
  calculat+ ! 9come (a f>m+ or fi%+
  busi;s ": ! taxpay] foll[s ! ca% me?od
  ( report+ 9come z provid$ = 9 subsec;n
  #bh7#a74 ,h["e1 see ! note at ! 5d (!
  bullet9 =a descrip;n (a propos$ am5d;t
  6p>agraph #bh7#a77e7 &! a4i;n (
  p>agraph #bh7#a77e4#a74 ,=a 4cus.n (!
  ca% me?od ( report+ 9come1 see !
  curr5t v].n ( ,,it-#dcc1 ,f>m+ or
  ,fi%+--,use ( ,ca% ,me?od4

       ,pre-,produc;n or ,/>t-up
         ,co/s (a ,new ,busi;s
             7p>agraph #g7
    
#g4 ,pre-produc;n or />t-up co/s (a new
  busi;s1 6! ext5t t !y >e n capital
  \tlays1 m/ 2 claim$ 9 ! ye> 9 : !y >e
  9curr$4 ,! />t-up co/s (a retail /ore
  cd 9clude = example1 exp5ses       #ac
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          b#c
  relat+ 6! p]iod prior 6op5+ = s* ?+s z
  l1s+ space1 adv]tis+ & employee
  sal>ies 9curr$ 9 tra9+ & sett+ \
  9v5tory4

      ,prepd ,9t]e/ 7p>agraph #h7
    
#h4 ,subsec;ns #ah7#i.b7 to 7#i.h7 apply
  6borr[]s t >e corpor,ns1 "pn]%ips or
  tru/s4 ,! subsec;ns provide rules
  3c]n+ ! calcul,n (! am.t ( 9t]e/ deem$
  6be paya# ": 9t]e/ has be5 prepd on a
  debt t 3si/s ( ei borr[$ m"oy or an
  am.t paya# = prop]ty4 ,ess5ti,y1
  subsec;n #ah7#i.b7 reduces ! am.t (
  9t]e/ paya# =a "picul> tax,n ye> if
  9t]e/ on ! debt has be5 prepd = future
  ye>s4 ,h["e1 9t]e/ actu,y paya# on !
  debt 9 excess (! am.t det]m9$ "u
  subsec;n #ah7#i.b7 is eligi# =
  recogni;n 9 lat] ye>s z ea* prepd
  9t]e/ p]iod passes4 ,subsec;n
  #ah7#i.c7 cr1tes a special set ( rules
  =! tax tr1t;t ( 9t]e/ on debt :    #ad
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          c#c
  has be5 settl$ or ext+ui%$ or ": !
  cr$itor acquires or reacquires prop]ty
  (! debtor ": ! debt =give;s rules (
  sec;ns #gi & #hj apply4 ,subsec;ns
  #ah7#i.d7 to 7#i.h7 provide a4i;nal
  rules relat+ g5],y 6! applic,n (
  subsec;n #ah7#i.b74 ,! rules 9
  subsec;ns #ah7#i.b7 to 7#i.h7 d n
  a6ect ! tax posi;n (! hold] (! debt4
  ,=a -plete 4cus.n (! subsec;ns1 pl1se
  ref] 6! relat$ ,explanatory ,notes
  provid$ 0! ,de"p;t ( ,f9.e4

        ,g5]al 7p>agraphs #i-ab7
    
#i4 ,": exp5ses 9curr$ 9 "o ye> >e 6be
  def]r$ & writt5 (f ov] "o or m
  subsequ5t ye>s1 ! numb] ( ye>s 9 !
  amortiz,n p]iod %d r1sonably reflect !
  dur,n ( "t ov] : ! b5efit is expect$
  6a3rue4 ,":1 9 a "picul> tax,n ye>1 x
  2comes app>5t t ! b5efit w n la/ z l;g
  z previ\sly anticipat$1 ! amortiz,n
  p]iod %d 2 t]m9at$ or reduc$ s t   #ae
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          d#c
  ! unamortiz$ am.t is writt5 (f 9 ! ye>
  or ov] ! rema9+ p]iod 6: x c r1sonably
  2 3sid]$ 6relate1 z ! case may be4
#aj4 ,x is an ess5tial require;t ( g5],y
  a3ept$ a3.t+ pr9ciples t ! me?od (
  a3.t+ 2 3si/5t f ye> 6ye>4 ,s* 3si/5cy
  is al requir$ = 9come tax purposes4
  ,": ! me?od ( a3.t+ = prepd exp5ses or
  def]r$ *>ges is *ang$1 ! ,de"p;t w
  a3ept ! *ange if x is r1sona# 9 !
  circum/.es1 x does n result 9 any
  undue tax advantage & x is 9 a3ord.e )
  g5],y a3ept$ a3.t+ pr9ciples &! ,9come
  ,tax ,act4
#aa4 ,not)/&+ ! -;ts 9 p>agraph #e abv
  3c]n+ mat]ial;y1 ": a prepay;t is made
  6a non->m's l5g? "py &! prim>y r1son
  =! transac;n 0 ! reduc;n or avoid.e (
  tax1 an adju/;t w 2 requir$ un.s !
  am.t 9volv$ is 9significant4
#ab4 ,": "! has be5 an amalgam,n ( two
  or m corpor,ns1 z def9$ 9 sec;n #hg
  7see ! curr5t v].n ( ,,it-#dgd1
  ,amalgam,ns ( ,canadian            #af
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          e#c
  ,corpor,ns71 p>agraph #hg7#b77j4#b7
  provides t ! new corpor,n is deem$1 =!
  purposes ( subsec;n #ah7#i71 am;g
  o!rs1 6be ! same corpor,n z1 &a 3t9u,n
  (1 ea* pr$ecessor corpor,n4 ,simil>ly1
  ": "! has be5 a w9d+-up (a taxa#
  ,canadian corpor,n 6: subsec;n #hh7#a7
  applies 7see ! curr5t v].n (
  ,,it-#dhh1 ,w9d+-up ( #ij@3p-,[n$
  ,taxa# ,canadian ,corpor,ns71 p>agraph
  #hh7#a77e4#b7 /ates t p>agraph
  #hg7#b77j4#b7 applies s t ! p>5t
  corpor,n is deem$ =! purposes (
  subsec;n #ah7#i7 6be ! same corpor,n
  &a 3t9u,n ( xs subsidi>y4

,note3
  ,on ,june #bj1 #aiif1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9.e
  issu$ a ,ways & ,m1ns ,mo;n ,am5d+ !
  ,9come ,tax ,act & ,relat$ ,acts4 ,!
  ,mo;n proposes 6am5d sec;n #bh 0revis+
  p>agraph #bh7#a77e7 & a4+ p>agraph
  #bh7#a77e4#a74
                                     #ag
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          f#c
  ,sec;n #bh provides rules 3c]n+ !
  -put,n ( 9come = f>m]s & fi%]m5 :o use
  ! ca% me?od ( a3.t+ = 9come tax
  purposes4

  ,explanatory ,notes issu$ )! ,mo;n
  describe t p>agraph #bh7#a77e7 w 2
  am5d$ 6provide t pay;ts 7o!r ?an =
  9v5tory7 t reduce ca%-basis
--------------------------------------#d
  9come (a f>m+ or fi%+ busi;s =a ye> d
  n 9clude prepd exp5ses relat+ 6a tax,n
  ye> (! busi;s t is two or m tax,n ye>s
  af ! ye> ( pay;t4 ,! ,notes 9dicate t
  p>agraph #bh7#a77e4#a7 w provide a
  deduc;n 9 a taxpay]'s tax,n ye> =
  am.ts pd 9 a previ\s ye> 0! taxpay] ":
  ! am.ts wd 2 deducti# 9 -put+ 9come =!
  curr5t tax,n ye> f ! taxpay]'s busi;s
  ( f>m+ or fi%+ if t 9come 7 n -put$ 9
  a3ord.e )! ca% me?od4 ,6be deducti# 0a
  taxpay] ! am.t w 2 requir$ 6h be5 pd
  0! taxpay] 9 a prec$+ tax,n ye> 9 !
  c\rse ( c>ry+ on ! busi;s ( f>m+   #ah
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          a#d
  or fi%+ & n 2 deducti# 9 -put+ ! 9come
  (! busi;s = any o!r tax,n ye>4

  ,! am5d;ts1 if 5act$ z propos$1 w
  apply 6am.ts pd af ,april #bf1 #aiie1
  except = am.ts pd pursuant 6writt5
  agree;ts 5t]$ 960! pay] 2f ,april #bg1
  #aiie4















                                     #ai
          ,explan,n ( ,*anges         #e
    
               ,9troduc;n
    
  ,! purpose (! ,explan,n ( ,*anges is
6give ! r1sons =! revi.ns 6an 9t]pret,n
bullet94 ,x \tl9es revi.ns t we h made z
a result ( *anges 6! law1 z well z
*anges reflect+ new or revis$ de"p;tal
9t]pret,ns4

           ,r1sons =! ,revi.n
    
  ,we h revis$ ! bullet9 6add a brief
4cus.n ( 8runn+ exp5ses0 z an excep;n 6!
mat*+ pr9ciple = prepd exp5ses & def]r$
*>ges & 6reflect am5d;ts 6! ,9come ,tax
,act result+ f ,s4,c4 #aiid c4#g ,s*$ule
,,viii 7,s4,c4 #aiic c4#bd--=m]ly ,bill
;,c-#ib71 ,s4,c4 #aiie c4#c 7=m]ly ,bill
;,c-#ei71 ,s4,c4 #aiie c4#ba 7=m]ly
,bill ;,c-#gj71 ,s4,c4 #aiif c4#ba
7=m]ly ,bill ;,c-#cf7 &! ,ways & ,m1ns
,mo;n ,am5d+ ! ,9come ,tax ,act &
,relat$ ,acts issu$ 0! ,m9i/] (      #bj
             ,,it-#dag;,r#b          a#e
,f9.e on ,june #bj1 #aiif4 ,except z
describ$ 9 ! note foll[+ p>agraph #ab1 !
-;ts 9 ! bullet9 >e n a6ect$ 0any o!r
propos$ legisl,n t has be5 rel1s$ 2f
,novemb] #ab1 #aiif4

      ,legislative & ,o!r ,*anges
    
  ,! bullet9 has be5 reorganiz$ 64cuss !
m1n+ ( 8prepd exp5ses0 & 8def]r$ *>ges0
2f describ+ ! law2 3sequ5tly1 p>agraph
#b is ! =m] p>agraph #d & p>agraph #c is
! =m] p>agraph #e4
  ,p>agraph #d1 =m] p>agraph #b1 has be5
revis$ 6describe t 8runn+ exp5ses0 >e an
excep;n 6! mat*+ pr9ciple4 ,! t]m 8runn+
exp5ses0 is n def9$ 9 ! ,9come ,tax ,act
b xs m1n+ has be5 develop$ "? !
jurisprud;e4 ,= example1 see
,vallambrosa ,ru2] ,co4 ,ltd4 v4 ,f>m]
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